You are viewing the version of this documentation from Perl 5.22.2. View the latest version

CONTENTS

NAME

utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code

SYNOPSIS

use utf8;
no utf8;

# Convert the internal representation of a Perl scalar to/from UTF-8.

$num_octets = utf8::upgrade($string);
$success    = utf8::downgrade($string[, $fail_ok]);

# Change each character of a Perl scalar to/from a series of
# characters that represent the UTF-8 bytes of each original character.

utf8::encode($string);  # "\x{100}"  becomes "\xc4\x80"
utf8::decode($string);  # "\xc4\x80" becomes "\x{100}"

# Convert a code point from the platform native character set to
# Unicode, and vice-versa.
$unicode = utf8::native_to_unicode(ord('A')); # returns 65 on both
                                              # ASCII and EBCDIC
                                              # platforms
$native = utf8::unicode_to_native(65);       # returns 65 on ASCII
                                             # platforms; 193 on EBCDIC

$flag = utf8::is_utf8($string); # since Perl 5.8.1
$flag = utf8::valid($string);

DESCRIPTION

The use utf8 pragma tells the Perl parser to allow UTF-8 in the program text in the current lexical scope (allow UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC based platforms). The no utf8 pragma tells Perl to switch back to treating the source text as literal bytes in the current lexical scope.

Do not use this pragma for anything else than telling Perl that your script is written in UTF-8. The utility functions described below are directly usable without use utf8;.

Because it is not possible to reliably tell UTF-8 from native 8 bit encodings, you need either a Byte Order Mark at the beginning of your source code, or use utf8;, to instruct perl.

When UTF-8 becomes the standard source format, this pragma will effectively become a no-op. For convenience in what follows the term UTF-X is used to refer to UTF-8 on ASCII and ISO Latin based platforms and UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC based platforms.

See also the effects of the -C switch and its cousin, the PERL_UNICODE environment variable, in perlrun.

Enabling the utf8 pragma has the following effect:

Note that if you have bytes with the eighth bit on in your script (for example embedded Latin-1 in your string literals), use utf8 will be unhappy since the bytes are most probably not well-formed UTF-X. If you want to have such bytes under use utf8, you can disable this pragma until the end the block (or file, if at top level) by no utf8;.

Utility functions

The following functions are defined in the utf8:: package by the Perl core. You do not need to say use utf8 to use these and in fact you should not say that unless you really want to have UTF-8 source code.

utf8::encode is like utf8::upgrade, but the UTF8 flag is cleared. See perlunicode for more on the UTF8 flag and the C API functions sv_utf8_upgrade, sv_utf8_downgrade, sv_utf8_encode, and sv_utf8_decode, which are wrapped by the Perl functions utf8::upgrade, utf8::downgrade, utf8::encode and utf8::decode. Also, the functions utf8::is_utf8, utf8::valid, utf8::encode, utf8::decode, utf8::upgrade, and utf8::downgrade are actually internal, and thus always available, without a require utf8 statement.

BUGS

One can have Unicode in identifier names, but not in package/class or subroutine names. While some limited functionality towards this does exist as of Perl 5.8.0, that is more accidental than designed; use of Unicode for the said purposes is unsupported.

One reason of this unfinishedness is its (currently) inherent unportability: since both package names and subroutine names may need to be mapped to file and directory names, the Unicode capability of the filesystem becomes important-- and there unfortunately aren't portable answers.

SEE ALSO

perlunitut, perluniintro, perlrun, bytes, perlunicode