require 5; package I18N::LangTags::List; # Time-stamp: "2004-10-06 23:26:21 ADT" use strict; use vars qw(%Name %Is_Disrec $Debug $VERSION); $VERSION = '0.35'; # POD at the end. #---------------------------------------------------------------------- { # read the table out of our own POD! my $seeking = 1; my $count = 0; my($disrec,$tag,$name); my $last_name = ''; while() { if($seeking) { $seeking = 0 if m/=for woohah/; } elsif( ($disrec, $tag, $name) = m/(\[?)\{([-0-9a-zA-Z]+)\}(?:\s*:)?\s*([^\[\]]+)/ ) { $name =~ s/\s*[;\.]*\s*$//g; next unless $name; ++$count; print "<$tag> <$name>\n" if $Debug; $last_name = $Name{$tag} = $name; $Is_Disrec{$tag} = 1 if $disrec; } elsif (m/[Ff]ormerly \"([-a-z0-9]+)\"/) { $Name{$1} = "$last_name (old tag)" if $last_name; $Is_Disrec{$1} = 1; } } die "No tags read??" unless $count; } #---------------------------------------------------------------------- sub name { my $tag = lc($_[0] || return); $tag =~ s/^\s+//s; $tag =~ s/\s+$//s; my $alt; if($tag =~ m/^x-(.+)/) { $alt = "i-$1"; } elsif($tag =~ m/^i-(.+)/) { $alt = "x-$1"; } else { $alt = ''; } my $subform = ''; my $name = ''; print "Input: {$tag}\n" if $Debug; while(length $tag) { last if $name = $Name{$tag}; last if $name = $Name{$alt}; if($tag =~ s/(-[a-z0-9]+)$//s) { print "Shaving off: $1 leaving $tag\n" if $Debug; $subform = "$1$subform"; # and loop around again $alt =~ s/(-[a-z0-9]+)$//s && $Debug && print " alt -> $alt\n"; } else { # we're trying to pull a subform off a primary tag. TILT! print "Aborting on: {$name}{$subform}\n" if $Debug; last; } } print "Output: {$name}{$subform}\n" if $Debug; return unless $name; # Failure return $name unless $subform; # Exact match $subform =~ s/^-//s; $subform =~ s/-$//s; return "$name (Subform \"$subform\")"; } #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- sub is_decent { my $tag = lc($_[0] || return 0); #require I18N::LangTags; return 0 unless $tag =~ /^(?: # First subtag [xi] | [a-z]{2,3} ) (?: # Subtags thereafter - # separator [a-z0-9]{1,8} # subtag )* $/xs; my @supers = (); foreach my $bit (split('-', $tag)) { push @supers, scalar(@supers) ? ($supers[-1] . '-' . $bit) : $bit; } return 0 unless @supers; shift @supers if $supers[0] =~ m<^(i|x|sgn)$>s; return 0 unless @supers; foreach my $f ($tag, @supers) { return 0 if $Is_Disrec{$f}; return 2 if $Name{$f}; # so that decent subforms of indecent tags are decent } return 2 if $Name{$tag}; # not only is it decent, it's known! return 1; } #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1; __DATA__ =head1 NAME I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages =head1 SYNOPSIS use I18N::LangTags::List; print "Parlez-vous... ", join(', ', I18N::LangTags::List::name('elx') || 'unknown_language', I18N::LangTags::List::name('ar-Kw') || 'unknown_language', I18N::LangTags::List::name('en') || 'unknown_language', I18N::LangTags::List::name('en-CA') || 'unknown_language', ), "?\n"; prints: Parlez-vous... Elamite, Kuwait Arabic, English, Canadian English? =head1 DESCRIPTION This module provides a function C ) > that takes a language tag (see L) and returns the best attempt at an English name for it, or undef if it can't make sense of the tag. The function I18N::LangTags::List::name(...) is not exported. This module also provides a function C )> that returns true iff the language tag is syntactically valid and is for general use (like "fr" or "fr-ca", below). That is, it returns false for tags that are syntactically invalid and for tags, like "aus", that are listed in brackets below. This function is not exported. The map of tags-to-names that it uses is accessable as %I18N::LangTags::List::Name, and it's the same as the list that follows in this documentation, which should be useful to you even if you don't use this module. =head1 ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS Internet language tags, as defined in RFC 3066, are a formalism for denoting human languages. The two-letter ISO 639-1 language codes are well known (as "en" for English), as are their forms when qualified by a country code ("en-US"). Less well-known are the arbitrary-length non-ISO codes (like "i-mingo"), and the recently (in 2001) introduced three-letter ISO-639-2 codes. Remember these important facts: =over =item * Language tags are not locale IDs. A locale ID is written with a "_" instead of a "-", (almost?) always matches C, and I something different than a language tag. A language tag denotes a language. A locale ID denotes a language I a particular place, in combination with non-linguistic location-specific information such as what currency is used there. Locales I often denote character set information, as in "en_US.ISO8859-1". =item * Language tags are not for computer languages. =item * "Dialect" is not a useful term, since there is no objective criterion for establishing when two language-forms are dialects of eachother, or are separate languages. =item * Language tags are not case-sensitive. en-US, en-us, En-Us, etc., are all the same tag, and denote the same language. =item * Not every language tag really refers to a single language. Some language tags refer to conditions: i-default (system-message text in English plus maybe other languages), und (undetermined language). Others (notably lots of the three-letter codes) are bibliographic tags that classify whole groups of languages, as with cus "Cushitic (Other)" (i.e., a language that has been classed as Cushtic, but which has no more specific code) or the even less linguistically coherent sai for "South American Indian (Other)". Though useful in bibliography, B. For further guidance, email me. =item * Language tags are not country codes. In fact, they are often distinct codes, as with language tag ja for Japanese, and ISO 3166 country code C<.jp> for Japan. =back =head1 LIST OF LANGUAGES The first part of each item is the language tag, between {...}. It is followed by an English name for the language or language-group. Language tags that I judge to be not for general use, are bracketed. This list is in alphabetical order by English name of the language. =for reminder The name in the =item line MUST NOT have E<...>'s in it!! =for woohah START =over =item {ab} : Abkhazian eq Abkhaz =item {ace} : Achinese =item {ach} : Acoli =item {ada} : Adangme =item {ady} : Adyghe eq Adygei =item {aa} : Afar =item {afh} : Afrihili (Artificial) =item {af} : Afrikaans =item [{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)] =item {ak} : Akan (Formerly "aka".) =item {akk} : Akkadian (Historical) =item {sq} : Albanian =item {ale} : Aleut =item [{alg} : Algonquian languages] NOT Algonquin! =item [{tut} : Altaic (Other)] =item {am} : Amharic NOT Aramaic! =item {i-ami} : Ami eq Amis. eq 'Amis. eq Pangca. =item [{apa} : Apache languages] =item {ar} : Arabic Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {ar-ae} UAE Arabic; {ar-bh} Bahrain Arabic; {ar-dz} Algerian Arabic; {ar-eg} Egyptian Arabic; {ar-iq} Iraqi Arabic; {ar-jo} Jordanian Arabic; {ar-kw} Kuwait Arabic; {ar-lb} Lebanese Arabic; {ar-ly} Libyan Arabic; {ar-ma} Moroccan Arabic; {ar-om} Omani Arabic; {ar-qa} Qatari Arabic; {ar-sa} Sauda Arabic; {ar-sy} Syrian Arabic; {ar-tn} Tunisian Arabic; {ar-ye} Yemen Arabic. =item {arc} : Aramaic NOT Amharic! NOT Samaritan Aramaic! =item {arp} : Arapaho =item {arn} : Araucanian =item {arw} : Arawak =item {hy} : Armenian =item {an} : Aragonese =item [{art} : Artificial (Other)] =item {ast} : Asturian eq Bable. =item {as} : Assamese =item [{ath} : Athapascan languages] eq Athabaskan. eq Athapaskan. eq Athabascan. =item [{aus} : Australian languages] =item [{map} : Austronesian (Other)] =item {av} : Avaric (Formerly "ava".) =item {ae} : Avestan eq Zend =item {awa} : Awadhi =item {ay} : Aymara =item {az} : Azerbaijani eq Azeri Notable forms: {az-Arab} Azerbaijani in Arabic script; {az-Cyrl} Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script; {az-Latn} Azerbaijani in Latin script. =item {ban} : Balinese =item [{bat} : Baltic (Other)] =item {bal} : Baluchi =item {bm} : Bambara (Formerly "bam".) =item [{bai} : Bamileke languages] =item {bad} : Banda =item [{bnt} : Bantu (Other)] =item {bas} : Basa =item {ba} : Bashkir =item {eu} : Basque =item {btk} : Batak (Indonesia) =item {bej} : Beja =item {be} : Belarusian eq Belarussian. eq Byelarussian. eq Belorussian. eq Byelorussian. eq White Russian. eq White Ruthenian. NOT Ruthenian! =item {bem} : Bemba =item {bn} : Bengali eq Bangla. =item [{ber} : Berber (Other)] =item {bho} : Bhojpuri =item {bh} : Bihari =item {bik} : Bikol =item {bin} : Bini =item {bi} : Bislama eq Bichelamar. =item {bs} : Bosnian =item {bra} : Braj =item {br} : Breton =item {bug} : Buginese =item {bg} : Bulgarian =item {i-bnn} : Bunun =item {bua} : Buriat =item {my} : Burmese =item {cad} : Caddo =item {car} : Carib =item {ca} : Catalan eq CatalEn. eq Catalonian. =item [{cau} : Caucasian (Other)] =item {ceb} : Cebuano =item [{cel} : Celtic (Other)] Notable forms: {cel-gaulish} Gaulish (Historical) =item [{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)] =item {chg} : Chagatai (Historical?) =item [{cmc} : Chamic languages] =item {ch} : Chamorro =item {ce} : Chechen =item {chr} : Cherokee eq Tsalagi =item {chy} : Cheyenne =item {chb} : Chibcha (Historical) NOT Chibchan (which is a language family). =item {ny} : Chichewa eq Nyanja. eq Chinyanja. =item {zh} : Chinese Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {zh-Hans} Chinese, in simplified script; {zh-Hant} Chinese, in traditional script; {zh-tw} Taiwan Chinese; {zh-cn} PRC Chinese; {zh-sg} Singapore Chinese; {zh-mo} Macau Chinese; {zh-hk} Hong Kong Chinese; {zh-guoyu} Mandarin [Putonghua/Guoyu]; {zh-hakka} Hakka [formerly "i-hakka"]; {zh-min} Hokkien; {zh-min-nan} Southern Hokkien; {zh-wuu} Shanghaiese; {zh-xiang} Hunanese; {zh-gan} Gan; {zh-yue} Cantonese. =for etc {i-hakka} Hakka (old tag) =item {chn} : Chinook Jargon eq Chinook Wawa. =item {chp} : Chipewyan =item {cho} : Choctaw =item {cu} : Church Slavic eq Old Church Slavonic. =item {chk} : Chuukese eq Trukese. eq Chuuk. eq Truk. eq Ruk. =item {cv} : Chuvash =item {cop} : Coptic =item {kw} : Cornish =item {co} : Corsican eq Corse. =item {cr} : Cree NOT Creek! (Formerly "cre".) =item {mus} : Creek NOT Cree! =item [{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)] =item [{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)] =item [{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)] =item [{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)] =item {hr} : Croatian eq Croat. =item [{cus} : Cushitic (Other)] =item {cs} : Czech =item {dak} : Dakota eq Nakota. eq Latoka. =item {da} : Danish =item {dar} : Dargwa =item {day} : Dayak =item {i-default} : Default (Fallthru) Language Defined in RFC 2277, this is for tagging text (which must include English text, and might/should include text in other appropriate languages) that is emitted in a context where language-negotiation wasn't possible -- in SMTP mail failure messages, for example. =item {del} : Delaware =item {din} : Dinka =item {dv} : Divehi eq Maldivian. (Formerly "div".) =item {doi} : Dogri NOT Dogrib! =item {dgr} : Dogrib NOT Dogri! =item [{dra} : Dravidian (Other)] =item {dua} : Duala =item {nl} : Dutch eq Netherlander. Notable forms: {nl-nl} Netherlands Dutch; {nl-be} Belgian Dutch. =item {dum} : Middle Dutch (ca.1050-1350) (Historical) =item {dyu} : Dyula =item {dz} : Dzongkha =item {efi} : Efik =item {egy} : Ancient Egyptian (Historical) =item {eka} : Ekajuk =item {elx} : Elamite (Historical) =item {en} : English Notable forms: {en-au} Australian English; {en-bz} Belize English; {en-ca} Canadian English; {en-gb} UK English; {en-ie} Irish English; {en-jm} Jamaican English; {en-nz} New Zealand English; {en-ph} Philippine English; {en-tt} Trinidad English; {en-us} US English; {en-za} South African English; {en-zw} Zimbabwe English. =item {enm} : Old English (1100-1500) (Historical) =item {ang} : Old English (ca.450-1100) eq Anglo-Saxon. (Historical) =item {i-enochian} : Enochian (Artificial) =item {myv} : Erzya =item {eo} : Esperanto (Artificial) =item {et} : Estonian =item {ee} : Ewe (Formerly "ewe".) =item {ewo} : Ewondo =item {fan} : Fang =item {fat} : Fanti =item {fo} : Faroese =item {fj} : Fijian =item {fi} : Finnish =item [{fiu} : Finno-Ugrian (Other)] eq Finno-Ugric. NOT Ugaritic! =item {fon} : Fon =item {fr} : French Notable forms: {fr-fr} France French; {fr-be} Belgian French; {fr-ca} Canadian French; {fr-ch} Swiss French; {fr-lu} Luxembourg French; {fr-mc} Monaco French. =item {frm} : Middle French (ca.1400-1600) (Historical) =item {fro} : Old French (842-ca.1400) (Historical) =item {fy} : Frisian =item {fur} : Friulian =item {ff} : Fulah (Formerly "ful".) =item {gaa} : Ga =item {gd} : Scots Gaelic NOT Scots! =item {gl} : Gallegan eq Galician =item {lg} : Ganda (Formerly "lug".) =item {gay} : Gayo =item {gba} : Gbaya =item {gez} : Geez eq Ge'ez =item {ka} : Georgian =item {de} : German Notable forms: {de-at} Austrian German; {de-be} Belgian German; {de-ch} Swiss German; {de-de} Germany German; {de-li} Liechtenstein German; {de-lu} Luxembourg German. =item {gmh} : Middle High German (ca.1050-1500) (Historical) =item {goh} : Old High German (ca.750-1050) (Historical) =item [{gem} : Germanic (Other)] =item {gil} : Gilbertese =item {gon} : Gondi =item {gor} : Gorontalo =item {got} : Gothic (Historical) =item {grb} : Grebo =item {grc} : Ancient Greek (Historical) (Until 15th century or so.) =item {el} : Modern Greek (Since 15th century or so.) =item {gn} : Guarani GuaranE =item {gu} : Gujarati =item {gwi} : Gwich'in eq Gwichin =item {hai} : Haida =item {ht} : Haitian eq Haitian Creole =item {ha} : Hausa =item {haw} : Hawaiian Hawai'ian =item {he} : Hebrew (Formerly "iw".) =for etc {iw} Hebrew (old tag) =item {hz} : Herero =item {hil} : Hiligaynon =item {him} : Himachali =item {hi} : Hindi =item {ho} : Hiri Motu =item {hit} : Hittite (Historical) =item {hmn} : Hmong =item {hu} : Hungarian =item {hup} : Hupa =item {iba} : Iban =item {is} : Icelandic =item {io} : Ido (Artificial) =item {ig} : Igbo (Formerly "ibo".) =item {ijo} : Ijo =item {ilo} : Iloko =item [{inc} : Indic (Other)] =item [{ine} : Indo-European (Other)] =item {id} : Indonesian (Formerly "in".) =for etc {in} Indonesian (old tag) =item {inh} : Ingush =item {ia} : Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) (Artificial) NOT Interlingue! =item {ie} : Interlingue (Artificial) NOT Interlingua! =item {iu} : Inuktitut A subform of "Eskimo". =item {ik} : Inupiaq A subform of "Eskimo". =item [{ira} : Iranian (Other)] =item {ga} : Irish =item {mga} : Middle Irish (900-1200) (Historical) =item {sga} : Old Irish (to 900) (Historical) =item [{iro} : Iroquoian languages] =item {it} : Italian Notable forms: {it-it} Italy Italian; {it-ch} Swiss Italian. =item {ja} : Japanese (NOT "jp"!) =item {jv} : Javanese (Formerly "jw" because of a typo.) =item {jrb} : Judeo-Arabic =item {jpr} : Judeo-Persian =item {kbd} : Kabardian =item {kab} : Kabyle =item {kac} : Kachin =item {kl} : Kalaallisut eq Greenlandic "Eskimo" =item {xal} : Kalmyk =item {kam} : Kamba =item {kn} : Kannada eq Kanarese. NOT Canadian! =item {kr} : Kanuri (Formerly "kau".) =item {krc} : Karachay-Balkar =item {kaa} : Kara-Kalpak =item {kar} : Karen =item {ks} : Kashmiri =item {csb} : Kashubian eq Kashub =item {kaw} : Kawi =item {kk} : Kazakh =item {kha} : Khasi =item {km} : Khmer eq Cambodian. eq Kampuchean. =item [{khi} : Khoisan (Other)] =item {kho} : Khotanese =item {ki} : Kikuyu eq Gikuyu. =item {kmb} : Kimbundu =item {rw} : Kinyarwanda =item {ky} : Kirghiz =item {i-klingon} : Klingon =item {kv} : Komi =item {kg} : Kongo (Formerly "kon".) =item {kok} : Konkani =item {ko} : Korean =item {kos} : Kosraean =item {kpe} : Kpelle =item {kro} : Kru =item {kj} : Kuanyama =item {kum} : Kumyk =item {ku} : Kurdish =item {kru} : Kurukh =item {kut} : Kutenai =item {lad} : Ladino eq Judeo-Spanish. NOT Ladin (a minority language in Italy). =item {lah} : Lahnda NOT Lamba! =item {lam} : Lamba NOT Lahnda! =item {lo} : Lao eq Laotian. =item {la} : Latin (Historical) NOT Ladin! NOT Ladino! =item {lv} : Latvian eq Lettish. =item {lb} : Letzeburgesch eq Luxemburgian, eq Luxemburger. (Formerly "i-lux".) =for etc {i-lux} Letzeburgesch (old tag) =item {lez} : Lezghian =item {li} : Limburgish eq Limburger, eq Limburgan. NOT Letzeburgesch! =item {ln} : Lingala =item {lt} : Lithuanian =item {nds} : Low German eq Low Saxon. eq Low German. eq Low Saxon. =item {art-lojban} : Lojban (Artificial) =item {loz} : Lozi =item {lu} : Luba-Katanga (Formerly "lub".) =item {lua} : Luba-Lulua =item {lui} : Luiseno eq LuiseEo. =item {lun} : Lunda =item {luo} : Luo (Kenya and Tanzania) =item {lus} : Lushai =item {mk} : Macedonian eq the modern Slavic language spoken in what was Yugoslavia. NOT the form of Greek spoken in Greek Macedonia! =item {mad} : Madurese =item {mag} : Magahi =item {mai} : Maithili =item {mak} : Makasar =item {mg} : Malagasy =item {ms} : Malay NOT Malayalam! =item {ml} : Malayalam NOT Malay! =item {mt} : Maltese =item {mnc} : Manchu =item {mdr} : Mandar NOT Mandarin! =item {man} : Mandingo =item {mni} : Manipuri eq Meithei. =item [{mno} : Manobo languages] =item {gv} : Manx =item {mi} : Maori NOT Mari! =item {mr} : Marathi =item {chm} : Mari NOT Maori! =item {mh} : Marshall eq Marshallese. =item {mwr} : Marwari =item {mas} : Masai =item [{myn} : Mayan languages] =item {men} : Mende =item {mic} : Micmac =item {min} : Minangkabau =item {i-mingo} : Mingo eq the Irquoian language West Virginia Seneca. NOT New York Seneca! =item [{mis} : Miscellaneous languages] Don't use this. =item {moh} : Mohawk =item {mdf} : Moksha =item {mo} : Moldavian eq Moldovan. =item [{mkh} : Mon-Khmer (Other)] =item {lol} : Mongo =item {mn} : Mongolian eq Mongol. =item {mos} : Mossi =item [{mul} : Multiple languages] Not for normal use. =item [{mun} : Munda languages] =item {nah} : Nahuatl =item {nap} : Neapolitan =item {na} : Nauru =item {nv} : Navajo eq Navaho. (Formerly "i-navajo".) =for etc {i-navajo} Navajo (old tag) =item {nd} : North Ndebele =item {nr} : South Ndebele =item {ng} : Ndonga =item {ne} : Nepali eq Nepalese. Notable forms: {ne-np} Nepal Nepali; {ne-in} India Nepali. =item {new} : Newari =item {nia} : Nias =item [{nic} : Niger-Kordofanian (Other)] =item [{ssa} : Nilo-Saharan (Other)] =item {niu} : Niuean =item {nog} : Nogai =item {non} : Old Norse (Historical) =item [{nai} : North American Indian] Do not use this. =item {no} : Norwegian Note the two following forms: =item {nb} : Norwegian Bokmal eq BokmEl, (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly "no-bok".) =for etc {no-bok} Norwegian Bokmal (old tag) =item {nn} : Norwegian Nynorsk (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly "no-nyn".) =for etc {no-nyn} Norwegian Nynorsk (old tag) =item [{nub} : Nubian languages] =item {nym} : Nyamwezi =item {nyn} : Nyankole =item {nyo} : Nyoro =item {nzi} : Nzima =item {oc} : Occitan (post 1500) eq ProvenEal, eq Provencal =item {oj} : Ojibwa eq Ojibwe. (Formerly "oji".) =item {or} : Oriya =item {om} : Oromo =item {osa} : Osage =item {os} : Ossetian; Ossetic =item [{oto} : Otomian languages] Group of languages collectively called "OtomE". =item {pal} : Pahlavi eq Pahlevi =item {i-pwn} : Paiwan eq Pariwan =item {pau} : Palauan =item {pi} : Pali (Historical?) =item {pam} : Pampanga =item {pag} : Pangasinan =item {pa} : Panjabi eq Punjabi =item {pap} : Papiamento eq Papiamentu. =item [{paa} : Papuan (Other)] =item {fa} : Persian eq Farsi. eq Iranian. =item {peo} : Old Persian (ca.600-400 B.C.) =item [{phi} : Philippine (Other)] =item {phn} : Phoenician (Historical) =item {pon} : Pohnpeian NOT Pompeiian! =item {pl} : Polish =item {pt} : Portuguese eq Portugese. Notable forms: {pt-pt} Portugal Portuguese; {pt-br} Brazilian Portuguese. =item [{pra} : Prakrit languages] =item {pro} : Old Provencal (to 1500) eq Old ProvenEal. (Historical.) =item {ps} : Pushto eq Pashto. eq Pushtu. =item {qu} : Quechua eq Quecha. =item {rm} : Raeto-Romance eq Romansh. =item {raj} : Rajasthani =item {rap} : Rapanui =item {rar} : Rarotongan =item [{qaa - qtz} : Reserved for local use.] =item [{roa} : Romance (Other)] NOT Romanian! NOT Romany! NOT Romansh! =item {ro} : Romanian eq Rumanian. NOT Romany! =item {rom} : Romany eq Rom. NOT Romanian! =item {rn} : Rundi =item {ru} : Russian NOT White Russian! NOT Rusyn! =item [{sal} : Salishan languages] Large language group. =item {sam} : Samaritan Aramaic NOT Aramaic! =item {se} : Northern Sami eq Lappish. eq Lapp. eq (Northern) Saami. =item {sma} : Southern Sami =item {smn} : Inari Sami =item {smj} : Lule Sami =item {sms} : Skolt Sami =item [{smi} : Sami languages (Other)] =item {sm} : Samoan =item {sad} : Sandawe =item {sg} : Sango =item {sa} : Sanskrit (Historical) =item {sat} : Santali =item {sc} : Sardinian eq Sard. =item {sas} : Sasak =item {sco} : Scots NOT Scots Gaelic! =item {sel} : Selkup =item [{sem} : Semitic (Other)] =item {sr} : Serbian eq Serb. NOT Sorbian. Notable forms: {sr-Cyrl} : Serbian in Cyrillic script; {sr-Latn} : Serbian in Latin script. =item {srr} : Serer =item {shn} : Shan =item {sn} : Shona =item {sid} : Sidamo =item {sgn-...} : Sign Languages Always use with a subtag. Notable forms: {sgn-gb} British Sign Language (BSL); {sgn-ie} Irish Sign Language (ESL); {sgn-ni} Nicaraguan Sign Language (ISN); {sgn-us} American Sign Language (ASL). (And so on with other country codes as the subtag.) =item {bla} : Siksika eq Blackfoot. eq Pikanii. =item {sd} : Sindhi =item {si} : Sinhalese eq Sinhala. =item [{sit} : Sino-Tibetan (Other)] =item [{sio} : Siouan languages] =item {den} : Slave (Athapascan) ("Slavey" is a subform.) =item [{sla} : Slavic (Other)] =item {sk} : Slovak eq Slovakian. =item {sl} : Slovenian eq Slovene. =item {sog} : Sogdian =item {so} : Somali =item {son} : Songhai =item {snk} : Soninke =item {wen} : Sorbian languages eq Wendish. eq Sorb. eq Lusatian. eq Wend. NOT Venda! NOT Serbian! =item {nso} : Northern Sotho =item {st} : Southern Sotho eq Sutu. eq Sesotho. =item [{sai} : South American Indian (Other)] =item {es} : Spanish Notable forms: {es-ar} Argentine Spanish; {es-bo} Bolivian Spanish; {es-cl} Chilean Spanish; {es-co} Colombian Spanish; {es-do} Dominican Spanish; {es-ec} Ecuadorian Spanish; {es-es} Spain Spanish; {es-gt} Guatemalan Spanish; {es-hn} Honduran Spanish; {es-mx} Mexican Spanish; {es-pa} Panamanian Spanish; {es-pe} Peruvian Spanish; {es-pr} Puerto Rican Spanish; {es-py} Paraguay Spanish; {es-sv} Salvadoran Spanish; {es-us} US Spanish; {es-uy} Uruguayan Spanish; {es-ve} Venezuelan Spanish. =item {suk} : Sukuma =item {sux} : Sumerian (Historical) =item {su} : Sundanese =item {sus} : Susu =item {sw} : Swahili eq Kiswahili =item {ss} : Swati =item {sv} : Swedish Notable forms: {sv-se} Sweden Swedish; {sv-fi} Finland Swedish. =item {syr} : Syriac =item {tl} : Tagalog =item {ty} : Tahitian =item [{tai} : Tai (Other)] NOT Thai! =item {tg} : Tajik =item {tmh} : Tamashek =item {ta} : Tamil =item {i-tao} : Tao eq Yami. =item {tt} : Tatar =item {i-tay} : Tayal eq Atayal. eq Atayan. =item {te} : Telugu =item {ter} : Tereno =item {tet} : Tetum =item {th} : Thai NOT Tai! =item {bo} : Tibetan =item {tig} : Tigre =item {ti} : Tigrinya =item {tem} : Timne eq Themne. eq Timene. =item {tiv} : Tiv =item {tli} : Tlingit =item {tpi} : Tok Pisin =item {tkl} : Tokelau =item {tog} : Tonga (Nyasa) NOT Tsonga! =item {to} : Tonga (Tonga Islands) (Pronounced "Tong-a", not "Tong-ga") NOT Tsonga! =item {tsi} : Tsimshian eq Sm'algyax =item {ts} : Tsonga NOT Tonga! =item {i-tsu} : Tsou =item {tn} : Tswana Same as Setswana. =item {tum} : Tumbuka =item [{tup} : Tupi languages] =item {tr} : Turkish (Typically in Roman script) =item {ota} : Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928) (Typically in Arabic script) (Historical) =item {crh} : Crimean Turkish eq Crimean Tatar =item {tk} : Turkmen eq Turkmeni. =item {tvl} : Tuvalu =item {tyv} : Tuvinian eq Tuvan. eq Tuvin. =item {tw} : Twi =item {udm} : Udmurt =item {uga} : Ugaritic NOT Ugric! =item {ug} : Uighur =item {uk} : Ukrainian =item {umb} : Umbundu =item {und} : Undetermined Not a tag for normal use. =item {ur} : Urdu =item {uz} : Uzbek eq Ezbek Notable forms: {uz-Cyrl} Uzbek in Cyrillic script; {uz-Latn} Uzbek in Latin script. =item {vai} : Vai =item {ve} : Venda NOT Wendish! NOT Wend! NOT Avestan! (Formerly "ven".) =item {vi} : Vietnamese eq Viet. =item {vo} : Volapuk eq VolapEk. (Artificial) =item {vot} : Votic eq Votian. eq Vod. =item [{wak} : Wakashan languages] =item {wa} : Walloon =item {wal} : Walamo eq Wolaytta. =item {war} : Waray Presumably the Philippine language Waray-Waray (SamareEo), not the smaller Philippine language Waray Sorsogon, nor the extinct Australian language Waray. =item {was} : Washo eq Washoe =item {cy} : Welsh =item {wo} : Wolof =item {x-...} : Unregistered (Semi-Private Use) "x-" is a prefix for language tags that are not registered with ISO or IANA. Example, x-double-dutch =item {xh} : Xhosa =item {sah} : Yakut =item {yao} : Yao (The Yao in Malawi?) =item {yap} : Yapese eq Yap =item {ii} : Sichuan Yi =item {yi} : Yiddish Formerly "ji". Usually in Hebrew script. Notable forms: {yi-latn} Yiddish in Latin script =item {yo} : Yoruba =item [{ypk} : Yupik languages] Several "Eskimo" languages. =item {znd} : Zande =item [{zap} : Zapotec] (A group of languages.) =item {zen} : Zenaga NOT Zend. =item {za} : Zhuang =item {zu} : Zulu =item {zun} : Zuni eq ZuEi =back =for woohah END =head1 SEE ALSO L and its "See Also" section. =head1 COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER Copyright (c) 2001+ Sean M. Burke. All rights reserved. You can redistribute and/or modify this document under the same terms as Perl itself. This document is provided in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of accuracy, authoritativeness, completeness, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose. Email any corrections or questions to me. =head1 AUTHOR Sean M. Burke, sburkeE<64>cpan.org =cut # To generate a list of just the two and three-letter codes: #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w require 5; # Time-stamp: "2001-03-13 21:53:39 MST" # Sean M. Burke, sburke@cpan.org # This program is for generating the language_codes.txt file use strict; use LWP::Simple; use HTML::TreeBuilder 3.10; my $root = HTML::TreeBuilder->new(); my $url = 'http://lcweb.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/bibcodes.html'; $root->parse(get($url) || die "Can't get $url"); $root->eof(); my @codes; foreach my $tr ($root->find_by_tag_name('tr')) { my @f = map $_->as_text(), $tr->content_list(); #print map("<$_> ", @f), "\n"; next unless @f == 5; pop @f; # nix the French name next if $f[-1] eq 'Language Name (English)'; # it's a header line my $xx = splice(@f, 2,1); # pull out the two-letter code $f[-1] =~ s/^\s+//; $f[-1] =~ s/\s+$//; if($xx =~ m/[a-zA-Z]/) { # there's a two-letter code for it push @codes, [ lc($f[-1]), "$xx\t$f[-1]\n" ]; } else { # print the three-letter codes. if($f[0] eq $f[1]) { push @codes, [ lc($f[-1]), "$f[1]\t$f[2]\n" ]; } else { # shouldn't happen push @codes, [ lc($f[-1]), "@f !!!!!!!!!!\n" ]; } } } print map $_->[1], sort {; $a->[0] cmp $b->[0] } @codes; print "[ based on $url\n at ", scalar(localtime), "]\n", "[Note: doesn't include IANA-registered codes.]\n"; exit; __END__